Infections of the brain and spinal cord: An infection of the membranes surrounding the brain is called meningitis, while an infection involving the brain tissue itself is called encephalitis. Infections may be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. Organized pockets of infection within the brain are called abscesses. Most infections are treated with a combination of antibiotics. Some abscesses require surgical drainage. Patients with heart infections such as endocarditis are at particular risk for infection spreading to the brain.